Wolverine Research

Citation register / source-of-record

BPC-157 TB-500 References

Every figure on this terminal resolves to a source here — the constituent studies, the human Thymosin Beta-4 trials, the recent reviews, and the FDA regulatory pages.

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How to read this register

Each inline [N] marker on this site resolves to the numbered entry below. Entries 1-10 are the peer-reviewed constituent and review literature, identified by DOI and PubMed ID where available. Entries 11-14 are the regulatory sources of record for the Wolverine legal status page — FDA's compounding pages and the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List.

The constituent literature carries an honest caveat that recurs throughout: human "TB-500" data are for full-length Thymosin Beta-4, not the Ac-LKKTETQ fragment, and no entry here describes a controlled trial of the BPC-157 + TB-500 combination — because none exists.

  1. Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
  2. Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
  3. Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004. ↗
  4. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012. ↗
  5. Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010. ↗
  6. A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin beta4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Cell Mol Med. 2021. ↗
  7. Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012. ↗
  8. Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. ↗
  9. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  10. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (Category 2 entries for BPC-157 and 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500'; effective September 29, 2023). ↗
  12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (Category 1 and Category 2 definitions; the bulks-list and PCAC nomination framework). ↗
  13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (BPC-157 and TB-500 listed as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List; scheduled discussion, not a decision). ↗
  14. World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List (BPC-157 under S0 non-approved substances; TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 under prohibited peptide, growth-factor, and tissue-repair categories). ↗