# BPC-157 TB-500 References: The Cited Studies and Regulatory Sources

> BPC-157 TB-500 references — the full citation register behind this terminal: the constituent studies, the human Thymosin Beta-4 Phase 1 trials, the 2024-2026 reviews, and the FDA 503A regulatory sources, with DOIs and PMIDs.

Every figure on this terminal resolves to a source here — the constituent studies, the human Thymosin Beta-4 trials, the recent reviews, and the FDA regulatory pages.

## How to read this register

Each inline `[N]` marker on this site resolves to the numbered entry below. Entries 1-10 are the peer-reviewed constituent and review literature, identified by DOI and PubMed ID where available. Entries 11-14 are the regulatory sources of record for the [Wolverine legal status](/legal-status) page — FDA's compounding pages and the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List.

The constituent literature carries an honest caveat that recurs throughout: human "TB-500" data are for full-length Thymosin Beta-4, not the `Ac-LKKTETQ` fragment, and no entry here describes a controlled trial of the BPC-157 + TB-500 combination — because none exists.

## References

[1] Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14554208/
[2] Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27847966/
[3] Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329672/
[4] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[5] Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[6] A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin beta4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Cell Mol Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34346165/
[7] Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22962027/
[8] Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40756949/
[9] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[10] Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789979/
[11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (Category 2 entries for BPC-157 and 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500'; effective September 29, 2023). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[12] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (Category 1 and Category 2 definitions; the bulks-list and PCAC nomination framework). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act
[13] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (BPC-157 and TB-500 listed as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List; scheduled discussion, not a decision). https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026
[14] World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List (BPC-157 under S0 non-approved substances; TB-500 / thymosin beta-4 under prohibited peptide, growth-factor, and tissue-repair categories). https://www.wada-ama.org/en/prohibited-list

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A two-position evidence board for the BPC-157 TB-500 blend — each constituent finding posted up where the studies confirm it and down where the combination row stays empty, the FDA 503A and WADA status read off first, and nothing here listed, priced, or for sale.